Nazism vs. Fascism Essay Example for Free

Nazism vs. Fascism EssayR.Q. To what extent were the German and Italian regimes under Hitler and Mussolini totalistic?i. Why?With this research I wishing to discoer whether Hitler and Mussolini transformed Ger some and Italy, individually into Totalitarian regimes. In my discretion this played a major role when looking at traditions, respectability of countries and reputations of countries. Such emotions crapper also trigger wars, as we so in WWII. Initi whollyy, I feel that Dictatorships having absolute power over a country preserve cause many inconveniences for the citizens of it. Hence, I want to understand their motives and ambitions. Also, I figure that this is a very important time period in which milestones and new dimensions have been opened. Thirdly, I de marchesined on this topic because I am a German citizen, who is natur in ally interested in the background and history of ones father country.ii. What?I am difference to use a series of books written in differe nt time periods by different writers from different countries. This shows a certain scope of viewpoints, which makes the answer to this motion more objective. I am also going to use the Internet as one research option of my internal assessment.iii. I planned my essay. This can be seen in the appendix, 1) Essay Plan. This plan shows how I am going to attempt to accomplish my Taski. Define Nazisma. Nazism is the body of governmental and economic doctrines held and put into effect by the National Socialist German Workers Party in the Third Reich including the totalitarian principle of government, state prevail of all industries, predominance of groups assumed to be racially superior, and supremacy of the Fhrer1.ii. Define Fascisma. Fascism is a political philosophy, movement, or regime (as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race preceding(prenominal) the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economi c and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition2.iii. Define Totalitariana. Totalitarian is defined as of or relating to centralized control by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. Of or relating to a political regime found on subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the life and productive capacity of the nation especially by coercive measures (as censoring and terrorism)3iv. All these definitions above atomic number 18 essential in order to understand how totalitarianism is initially linked with Nazism and Fascism. These terms, Nazism Fascism and Totalitarianism have all got the subordination of the individual to the state and the control of mind etc. of the individual in common. The difference between them, however is that Totalitarian is purely a term describing a situation, a current state of something. Nazism and Fascism on the other hand, describe an ideology that developed over centuries and eventually ruled a cou ntry.When we are looking at these definitions, we discover, that both ideologies have a feature of totalitarianism innate. Therefore, initially we would say that they the states, Germany and Italy, both are totalitarian because the autocracy by which they are ruled is totalitarian. This must mean that the people believe in it because they elected this system of government, and hence the system must be totalitarian. This, however, is debatable. In the ongoing lines I will question the above statement by looking closer at the two ideologies and how they became elected.i. Discrimination of Minoritiesa. Germanyi. Minorities, such as Jews, Blacks, Gypsies and women were discriminated widely. Anything not of Aryan derivation, was inferior. Women, for example, were evaluate to behave just like K,K,K-meaning Kinder, Kirche, Kche. Translated, Children, Church, Kitchen. In other words, they were expected to have as many children as possible to expand the Aryan race, accommodate the religio n and cook well. Jews, of course, were treated the worst, i.e. concentration camps.b. Italyi. Fascist Policy towards women was condescending. Women were not put equal to men. It was also anti-urban and anti-consumerist. There was birth control and additional taxes on unmarried. This, in a way, was homogeneous to Nazi Germany, where there were incentives to bear as many children as possible. It aimed to promote the superior race. Fascist policy was at the pedigree not racially concerned. However, when relations with Germany improved, Mussolini adopted some anti-foreign steps. This aimed to give the people a feeling of superiority over other nations and should promote the will to encounter for the cause of the nation. Employment conditions for female workers were restricted. They were excluded from several workplaces.ii. Churcha. Germanyi. Germany was almost entirely a Christian country. Hitler realised this and did not underestimate the power the church, as a single institution, c ould have on the peoples minds. Therefore, he knew it would not be wise to attack the church during his campaigns. Hence, he made an agreement with the church, the Concordat, which granted the church religious freedom. This, however was only superficially. In reality, any member of the church speaking bad about Hitler or his party, NSDAP, was prosecuted or sent to a concentration camp. tear down Church enlightens were influenced by Hitler the bible was replaced by Mein Kampf and the cross by the swastika.b. Italyi. In Italy the church played a more important role than in Germany because of the pontiff and the Vatican being situated in Italy. Hence, Mussolini tried, after 1922 when coming to power, to include the church as much as possible in the fascist state in order to stabilise and ensure power for his party, PNF. Catholicism was also seen as a possible threat to the emerging fascist state. Hence, a concordat was seek to improve church-state relations. Catholicism was conside red the religion of most Italians, which was so deeply rooted in Italian life that could directly endanger the position of the fascist might.iii. commanda. Germanyi. Education in Germany was largely controlled by the Nazis. The main subjects were history, biology and physical statement. All of course indoctrinated and altered to shine a good light on the Nazi party and its style of rule. Special schools were build for the most talented. This meant that from a very young age onwards, children in Germany were focused on the Nazi ideology, similar to the Youths, which I will talk about in the next paragraph.b. Italyi. Education was focused on Fascist ideas and ideology. Children were educated in physical education and armed services training. These are just examples to illustrate what Mussolini wanted to achieve.iv. Youthsa. Germanyi. Various youths existed in Nazi Germany, all aiming to control the mind of German children. Hitler once described his views concerning the purpose of yo uths When an opposer declares, I will not come your side, I calmly say Your child belongs to us alreadyIn a short time, they will know nothing else scarce this community. These programs existed for boys and girls. Boys camps were more physical, preparing for war. Girls camps were aiming to make them strong to bear many healthy children.b. Italyi. From 1929 onwards, Mussolini focused more intensely on the control of children in his regime. He wanted to control them by education, which he stated as a right of the leading body in a totalitarian state. The Ministry of Public Instructions was changed to the Ministry of National education (ONB) in 1929. This new organisation provided pre-military training, drill and gym. All measures to convey a more aggressive and disciplined way of live. This program was even integrated into the school curriculum. Recruitment was thus made very easy and numerous. The Fascists wanted to create an Italy were there were young courageous men willing to fi ght for the cause of the nation. Their saw was Believe, Obey, Fight. This displays exactly what Mussolini was after. Especially during the great depression, Mussolini tried to give his people a cause to believe in. He created groups or fixed mass meeting so that the people would experience a way of unity.v. Propagandaa. Germanyi. Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany was Goebbels. He was an able man, with enormous aims. Not only wanted he the people to accept the regime. He wanted them to capitulate to them, grasping the ideology. He, for the first time in history, effectively made use of the radio and press. He seized control over both. By 1932 less then 25% of the population owned a radio. Hence, he made provisions for producing cheap sets of wireless radios. He called it the Volksempfnger, translated, nation-receptionist. The press seemed harder to control. The Nazi publisher-Eher Verlag-bought many of the 4,700 existing newspapers. Goebbels held a daily press conference and ev entually, the Editors Law, made the seizure of the press complete. Via the radio, the Aryan race was emphasized. Jewish music was not played. mountain were constantly bombed with Nazi propaganda, their ideology.b. Italyi. Mussolini wanted to create an image of the new Italian. This image should be aggressive and patriotic. He also used heroic figurers from the wars to illustrate the supposed superiority of the Italian nation.vi. Police Statea. Germanyi. The party seemed to be well organized and structured. Hitler himself, however, rejected any document work. Now the question appears, how it was so qualified? The answer is that a powerful force was acting behind the scenes. This force was the phalanx. It consisted of the SS, short for Schutz-Staffel, the SA, short for Sturm-Abteilung, the Gestapo, known for its brutality and later the SD, Sicherheitsdienst, the party internal jurisprudence force. All these acted in order to maintain or restore order. The SS was once created to b e Hitlers personal bodyguard. It evolved to be a unit with incredible power over, economic, political and social matters. It turned out to be an extremely useful tool for Hitler.b. Italyi. The military was also guaranteed a supreme status in Italy. However, the German army had become a political power whereas the Italian had not. After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler was able to benefit from an exclusive oath. Mussolini never had such an opportunity under the up to now existing Monarchy. The Italian Military acted with divided loyalties. The Italian army did not face any threats form party-army-type organizations, as opposed to the German SS and SA.vii. Power of the loss leadera. Germany/Italyi. Both, der Fhrer and il duce, were charismatic and ambitious men. They had a set aim which they wanted to achieve no matter what the cost was. They managed to elate masses so that they would virtually believe anything they said. These are, among others, characteristics a strong Leader must have in order to be successful. Hitler was not only appointed chancellor yet became President after Hindenburgs death. He also appointed himself Chief-Commander of all armed forces. This gave him the mere control over many bodies.i. Weigh factors against each othera. Germany vs. Italyii. final stagea. When looking back at my research and all the information I collected during it, I think it is fair to say that both ideologies and those implementing it, transformed the respective countries to a large extent into totalitarian regimes.Although, I would say that this phenomena did not occur in the conventional way. By definition, a totalitarian regime controls any aspect of life. When looking at the moment they came to power and the day they left, a great difference in many senses can be seen. Especially, when looking at how they controlled the peoples minds. Propaganda, Force, Speeches, youths and discrimination are all factors, which increased their influence. This integrated so qu ickly into the respective countries roots, so that it was inevitable that people would eventually believe what they heard.They would also observe by it because they the how brutal their measures could be. Power conveyed and achieved by force was one feature in these regimes. The other means was propaganda. New technology, new innovations enabled them to convey their messages and slogans whenever they wanted. They could also tinct every member of their community. They not only controlled adults. One of their ideas was to transform the young so that their ideology would be carried further with the next generation.1 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryva=Nazism2 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryva=fascism3 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryva=totalitarian