Venezuela’s Declaration of Independence in 1810

The republic of Venezuela celebrates its independence from Spain on two different dates: April 19, when an initial declaration of semi-independence from Spain was signed in 1810, and July 5, when a more definitive break was signed in 1811. April 19 is known as â€Å"Firma Acta de la Independencia† or â€Å"Signing of the Act of Independence.† Napoleon Invades Spain The first years of the nineteenth century were turbulent ones in Europe, particularly in Spain. In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and put his brother Joseph on the throne, throwing Spain and its colonies into chaos. Many Spanish colonies, still loyal to the deposed King Ferdinand, did not know how to react to the new ruler. Some cities and regions opted for a limited independence: they would take care of their own affairs until such time as Ferdinand was restored. Venezuela: Ready for Independence Venezuela was ripe for Independence long before other South American regions. Venezuelan Patriot Francisco de Miranda, a former general in the French Revolution, led a failed attempt to start a revolution in Venezuela in 1806, but many approved of his actions. Young firebrand leaders like Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas were actively speaking of making a clean break from Spain. The example of the American Revolution was fresh in the minds of these young patriots, who wanted freedom and their own republic. Napoleonic Spain and the Colonies In January of 1809, a representative of the Joseph Bonaparte government arrived in Caracas and demanded that taxes continue to be paid and that the colony recognize Joseph as their monarch. Caracas, predictably, exploded: people took to the streets declaring loyalty to Ferdinand. A ruling junta was proclaimed and Juan de Las Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, was deposed. When news reached Caracas that a loyalist Spanish government had been set up in Seville in defiance of Napoleon, things cooled down for a while and Las Casas was able to re-establish control. April 19, 1810 On April 17, 1810, however, news reached Caracas that the government loyal to Ferdinand had been crushed by Napoleon. The city erupted into chaos once more. Patriots who favored full independence and royalists loyal to Ferdinand could agree on one thing: they would not tolerate French rule. On April 19, Creole patriots confronted the new Captain-General Vicente Emparà ¡n and demanded self-rule. Emparà ¡n was stripped of authority and sent back to Spain. Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas, a wealthy young patriot, rode through Caracas, exhorting Creole leaders to come to the meeting taking place in the council chambers. Provisional Independence The elite of Caracas agreed on a provisional independence from Spain: they were rebelling against Joseph Bonaparte, not the Spanish crown, and would mind their own affairs until Ferdinand VII was restored. Still, they made some quick decisions: they outlawed slavery, exempted Indians from paying tribute, reduced or removed trade barriers, and decided to send envoys to the United States and Britain. Wealthy young nobleman Simà ³n Bolà ­var financed the mission to London. Legacy of the April 19 Movement The result of the Act of Independence was immediate. All over Venezuela, cities and towns decided either to follow Caracas lead or not: many cities chose to remain under Spanish rule. This led to fighting and a de facto Civil War in Venezuela. A Congress was called in early 1811 to solve the bitter fighting among Venezuelans. Although it was nominally loyal to Ferdinand - the official name of the ruling junta was Junta of conservation of the rights of Ferdinand VII - the government of Caracas was, in fact, quite independent. It refused to recognize the Spanish shadow government that was loyal to Ferdinand, and many Spanish officers, bureaucrats, and judges were sent back to Spain along with Emparà ¡n. Meanwhile, exiled patriot leader Francisco de Miranda returned, and young radicals such as Simà ³n Bolà ­var, who favored unconditional independence, gained influence. On July 5, 1811, the ruling junta voted in favor of complete Independence from Spain - their self-rule was no longer dependent on the state of the Spanish king. Thus was born the ​First Venezuelan Republic, doomed to die in 1812 after a disastrous earthquake and relentless military pressure from royalist forces. The April 19 pronouncement was not the first of its kind in Latin America: the city of Quito had made a similar pronouncement in August of 1809. Still, the independence of Caracas had much longer lasting effects than that of Quito, which was quickly put down. It allowed the return of the charismatic Francisco de Miranda, vaulted Simà ³n Bolà ­var, Josà © Fà ©lix Ribas and other patriot leaders to fame, and set the stage for the true independence that followed. It also inadvertently caused the death of Simà ³n Bolà ­vars brother Juan Vicente, who died in a shipwreck while returning from a diplomatic mission to the USA in 1811. Sources: Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.

Free Will Essay - 2309 Words

Many people in the western world hold very dear the idea of independence, that they can think freely, choose freely, and express themselves freely. This all is connected to the idea of free will that many believe is what makes us human. Many people cannot, however, define free will. There is always the feeling that one can do whatever he/she wants. That is probably why this idea is such a pleasing concept. There is just one serious flaw in the free will concept. People cannot determine everything; there are some things, even before one is born, that determines who he will be in the future. Since people do not choose their parents, or the nationality of their family this creates a serious flaw in the free will concept. Now if people were†¦show more content†¦On another note, the Qur’an is often wrongly interpreted as being based on determinism. This is false; if a life of a Muslim was determined for him/her at birth there would be no point in him/her trying to find out the nature of his sin, Allah would not have had to send prophets to teach his people the way, because all their actions would be already determined by them (Gorjian 2010). This suggests that, as far a religion goes people are free to do as they feel is right. This however does not justify the fact that governments take away this freedom from their citizens. Governments taking away freedom from their subjects can be traced back in history, and one the greatest examples for this would be the war of ideologies known as World War II. Political systems are based on ideas like fascism which helped Germans in their economic crisis, communism overthrew the Tzars in Russia which gave the proletariat all the influence they needed, while liberalism promised freedom. This all seems perfect, however, as it is all well known, there were flaws in each of those systems. Nazis under Hitler were only nice to a great portion of Germans as they were trying to create the master race. All others: Slavs, Roma, Jews were hated and discriminated against. In occupied Poland Nazis closed schools, denied access to education, confiscated automobiles, (Cosby 2010) houses, land and riches.Show MoreRelatedEssay On Free Is Not Free1887 Words   |  8 Pagesmight never know precisely but we can assume that as photos and videos constitute for the most part in terms of data storage. One might question how the companies who keep all this data for free make money? A simple answer to that is ‘data’ that we give to these companies for ‘free’ is not ‘free’, rather this ‘free’ data is what helps them make money. A common social media platform that most of us are familiar with i.e. Facebook recently reported a total revenue of $27.5 billion [2]. We do not payRead MoreEssay on Free Will648 Words   |  3 PagesFree Will A definition of free will, as we have seen, can be misunderstood and easily distorted. For the purpose of this essay free will, will be defined as the ability to chose, express ones feelings, emotions, or actions unconditionally. From the first time I understood the meaning of what free will was, I believed in it 100%. I had the right and ability to choose what ever I liked. Not only did I believe that I had free will but if I ever heard otherwise I felt that the other personRead MoreFree Essays : Free Soul Free Women1237 Words   |  5 Pages Free Soul Free Women Charlotte Brontà « once wrote â€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will†. There are many literary works that illustrate stories about freedom and how sometimes to get that freedom one needs to do something or it naturally comes. 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Three stories, Oedipus the King, the Bible, and the Aenied, respectively, that we have studied and that fall in each society are examples of how free willRead MoreFree Essay3489 Words   |  14 PagesContents Contents 1 Introduction 2 1a.identify the mission, values, and objectives of organization and the influences of stakeholders for its organization 2 1b.the extent organization achieves the objectives of three stakeholders 6 1c.the responsibilities of the selected organization and strategies employed to meet objectives of stakeholders 7 2a. the economy of Vietnam 9 2b. the welfare policy in Vietnam 11 2c.the impact of macro-economic policy measures and influence of the globalRead MoreFree Essays6641 Words   |  27 Pages | |Standards groups |ANSI,  IEC,  IEEE,  IETF,  ISO,  W3C | |Professional Societies |ACM,  AIS,  IET,  IFIP,  BCS | |Free/Open source |Free Software Foundation,  Mozilla Foundation,  Apache Software | |software  groups |Foundation |Read MoreFree Essays6657 Words   |  27 Pages | |Standards groups |ANSI,  IEC,  IEEE,  IETF,  ISO,  W3C | |Professional Societies |ACM,  AIS,  IET,  IFIP,  BCS | |Free/Open source |Free Software Foundation,  Mozilla Foundation,  Apache Software | |software  groups |Foundation |Read MoreMarginal Returns and Free Is Not Free Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesleading to a priceless product. 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The difficulty of thinking about death with dignity

Agrarian Discontent In The Late 1800s Essay Example For Students

Agrarian Discontent In The Late 1800s Essay Word Count: 1535Why the Farmers Were WrongThe period between 1880 and 1900 was a boom time for American politics.The country was for once free of the threat of war, and many of its citizens were living comfortably. However, as these two decades went by, the American farmer found it harder and harder to live comfortably. Crops such as cotton and wheat, once the bulwark of agriculture, were selling at prices so low that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them. Furthermore, improvement in transportation allowed foreign competition to materialize, making it harder for American farmers to dispose of surplus crop. Finally, years of drought in the midwest and the downward spiral of business in the 1890s devastated many of the nations farmers. As a result of the agricultural depression, many farm groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline in agriculture. During the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, many farmers in the United States saw monopolies and trusts, railroads, and money shortages and the demonetization of silver as threats to their way of life, though in many cases their complaints were not valid. The growth of the railroad was one of the most significant elements in American economic growth. However, in many ways, the railroads hurt small shippers and farmers. Extreme competition between rail companies necessitated some way to win business. To do this, many railroads offered rebates and drawbacks to larger shippers who used their rails. However, this practice hurt smaller shippers, including farmers, for often times railroad companies would charge more to ship products short distances than they would for long trips. The rail companies justified this practice by asserting that if they did not rebate, they would not make enough profit to stay in business. In his testimony to the Senate Cullom Committee, George W. Parker stated, the operating expense of this roadrequires a certain volume of business to meet these fixed expenses.in some seasons of the year, the local business of the roadis not sufficient to make the earningswhen we make up a train of ten of fifteen cars of local freightwe can attach fifteen or twenty carsof strictly through business. We can take the latter at a very low rate than go without it. Later, when asked the consequences of charging local traffic the same rate as through freight, Mr. Parker responded, Bankruptcy, inevitably and speedy. While the railroads felt that they must use this practice to make a profit, the farmers were justified in complaining, for they were seriously injured by it. A perfect example of this fact can be found in The Octopus by Frank Norris. A farmer named Dyke discovers that the railroad has increased their freight charges from two to five cents a pound. This new rate, ate up every cent of his gains. He stood there ruined. (Doc. H). The railroads regularly used rebates and drawbacks to help win the business of large shippers, and made up this loss in profit by increasing the cost to smaller shippers such as farmers. As a result, many farmers, already hurt by the downslide in agriculture, were ruined. Thus, t he farmers of the late nineteenth century had a valid complaint against railroad shippers, for these farmers were hurt by the unfair practices of the railroads. Near the end of the nineteenth century, business began to centralize, leading to the rise of monopolies and trusts. Falling prices, along with the need for better efficiency in industry, led to the rise of such companies as Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil, which controlled a majority of the nations supply of raw steel and oil respectively. The rise of these monopolies and trusts concerned many farmers, for they felt that the disappearance of competition would lead to erratic and unreasonable price rises that would hurt consumers. James B. Weaver, the Populist partys presidential candidate in the 1892 election, summed up the feelings of many Americans of the period in his work, A Call to Action: An Interpretation of the Great Uprising. He wrote, It is clear that trusts arein conflict with the Common law. They are monopolies organized to destroy competition and restrain trade. Once they secure control of a given line, they are master of the situation They can limit the price of the raw material so as to impoverish the producer, drive him to a single market, reduce the price of every class of labor connected with the trade, throw out of employment large numbers personsand finallythey increase the price to the consumer. The main weapons of the trust are threats, intimidation, bribery, fraud, wreck, and pillage. However, the facts refute many of Weavers charges against the monopolies. While it is true that many used questionable means to achieve their monopoly, many were not out to crush competitors. To the contrary, John D. Rockefeller, head of Standard Oil, competed ruthlessly not to crush other refiners but to persuade them to join Standard Oil and share the business so all could profit. Furthermore, the fear that the monopolies would raise prices unreasonably was never realized. Prices tended to fall during the latter part of the 1800s creating what some have called a consumers millennium. Thus, the agrarian complaints against monopolies were not incredibly vali d, for the monopolies did very little harm to farmers of the time. .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .postImageUrl , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:hover , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:visited , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:active { border:0!important; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:active , .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u241761bb84152abb47c1bac831d30efd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Consequences Of Guns EssayFinally, deflation and falling prices during the late 1800s led to the most heated complaint of farmers and the Populist party that grew out of agricultural discontent. Deflation had been running rampant during the latter half of the 1800s, as evidenced by the drastic fall in the value of wheat and cotton. To fight the deflationary trend, the Populists demanded a reversal of the Coinage Act of 1873, which demonetized silver. The Populist platform for the 1892 election called for unlimited coinage of silver and an increase in the money supply to no less than $50 per capita.. Here again, the farmers are wrong in the assessment of their problems. It is true that the countrys money supply was not adequate. United States government data from 1961 shows that though the countrys population between 1865 and 1875 increased by nearly four million, the countrys money supply actually decreased. However, many farmers used the money supply to explain problems that indeed had very little to do with the money supply at all. This fact is best summed up in a quote from J. Laurence Laughlins article, Causes of Agricultural Unrest. He says, Feeling the coils of some mysterious power about them, the farmers have attributed their misfortunes to the constriction in prices, caused, as they think, not by an increased production of wheat throughout the world, but by the scarcity of gold.. Furthermore, history has shown that battle between gold and silver had little real meaning. The real battle was not between gold or silver, but instead what would be done to check deflation. William McKinley, in his 1896 acceptance speech, said, Free silver woul d not mean that silver dollars were to be freely had without cost or labor It would not make labor easier, the hours shorter, or the pay better. It would not make the farming less laborious or more profitable.Many farmers saw silver as a cure-all for their problems, failing to see that changes in the world were to blame. Finally, the discovery of gold in Alaska and improved methods of extracting gold from low-grade ore did much to increase the nations money supply. These facts prove that the farmers view of silver was not sound, thus invalidating their complaints about the nations financial system. The farmers of the late 1800s had many reasons for being dissatisfied with their situation. Unfair railroad practices, such as rebates and drawbacks, hurt them severely. However, in some cases, these farmers complaints were not justified. Many of the fears that farmers had about monopolies, such as the idea of unfair and unreasonable price increases, happened in very few occasions; in fact, prices went down in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Finally, history has proven that their view of silver as a way to end deflation and the decrease in crop values was inaccurate. The farmers of the period, though, used these issues to change the shape of American politics and bring it face to face with the problems the country was facing.

Technology and Online Assessments

Abstract The world is embracing the use of technology to improve education at a very fast rate. Employers are now turning to the use of testing software to carry out staff recruitment exercises and for a long time, professional bodies have been using online testing software to test candidates. Online assessment methods are now also being implemented by educational establishments to assist in guiding students from early ages of schooling.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Technology and Online Assessments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper looks at the role played by technology in the education field and more especially, in the area of assessment. Specifically, two online assessment tools; Scantron Performance Series and Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), are discussed. Introduction The quest for accountability in the education system and the desire to ensure that students are taught well has continued to grow over time. This has driven stakeholders to start considering alternatives to guide the teaching process for the good of both the teacher and the student. Educators are faced with a tough challenge to come up with innovative ways that guarantee the success of the education system besides ensuring that they are able to perform to the expectations of the public. Review and Literature Generally, the goal of any education system is to create of a healthy learning environment that provides the students with the opportunity to successfully learn and develop to their full potential. The key hurdle to deal with here is the huge variation that often is noticeable among students in terms of learning abilities. While others are perceived to be fast learners, some tend to be slow and require some special treatment and a lot of patience, understanding and support to enable them benefit from the entire learning process. The traditional approach to teaching req uires the teacher to use his/her own intuition to make judgment about the students’ abilities. While this might help especially is the teacher has the interests of the student at heart, more often than not it is flawed and leaves a lot to be desired.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We cannot with certainty use our human judgment to clearly tell where each student is at in the learning process and who among the students have need of support. As a result, slow and poor performing students receive a very unfair treatment. The need to use improved assessment tools arose from the fact that teachers wanted to have faster, reliable ways of evaluating students so as to identify the challenges faced by the students in good time to be able to rescue them from any difficulty faced. Good feedback received within a reasonable time will help the teacher to know a student’s we akness and offer the appropriate form of support. Initially, very rudimentary methods were used to accomplish this very important step of the learning process. Teachers would have to carry out the assessment manually and since every stage of the entire process is manual, too much time has to be taken process and give the results. In most cases, feedback would come in very late for the teacher to use to address the student’s difficulty. Education officials then figured out that there was need to improve the assessment approach and make the whole education system relevant to the needs of the society. One development in this area was introducing the use of computers and palm handheld devices. These devices provide a means to quickly be able to evaluate students and with the outcome of the testing being received almost instantaneously, the process of helping the students becomes easy and reliable. Needless to mention that this has led to a great improvement in the way students ar e taught in school. With the hand held devices and computers teachers are able to set benchmarks used not only to gauge the students’ performance, but also identify areas where the teachers need improvement. Eventually, we have teachers who are self aware and well placed to make positive contributions. In view of the above challenges, and the benefits brought about by the use of technology, the use of online assessment has continued to gain popularity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Technology and Online Assessments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technology is proving to be very useful as an aid for the teachers. Both teachers and students are able to see their weaknesses and do what they can to make improvements. Teachers are able to see areas where their students need help. The idea has been widely accepted and technology is now being applied in numerous learning situations. A number of onli ne testing solutions exist that are meant to help create a difference in the way the educators run their programs. Among the solutions are Scantron and DIBELS. These tools have significantly reformed the way teachers gauge student performance. They are discussed further below. Scantron Performance Assessment This was developed by Scantron Corporation and it uses a computer adaptive system to test students. Tests are designed in such that they can allow the maximum possible time required for a student to complete a test. Each student being tested gets a unique test and depending on how the student answers a question, the next question could get more or less difficult. Scantron performance assessment program comes with a backup system in place that guarantees recovery to the point when problems were encountered. Students taking the test are therefore not worried about any interruptions occurring while they are still taking the exam. The Scantron system is however, not without a negati ve side. Young students find themselves in difficulties and get confused when using the system. This means that the students have to be well trained to take advantage of the system. Students without computer skills are also greatly disadvantaged when it comes to using the system. Another noticeable danger is that teachers may end up delegating the teaching process. Due to the adaptive nature of the test some students may complete a test within a shorter time when others take a longer duration. Slow paced students who see their peers finishing early could easily get discouraged. According to SPSTR (2010), given the fact that a teacher might be required to supervise a huge number of students taking a test and with the examinees probably sitting close to one another, the test integrity is also questionable. It is therefore important that students are warned against sharing answers with peers Again.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) DIBELS is an early literacy assessment approach used to mainly establish whether students are experiencing reading problems and also, to monitor the students’ progress. The method uses benchmark goals that can be used by educators to check the progress of all students. The benchmarks are set by using well researched indicators (University of Oregon, 2008). The method offers great help in identifying students experiencing difficulties in the learning process. Furthermore, proper usage of the system can also provide a good basis for measuring the effectiveness of the student support system. Data collected can be used to identify students who are making progress in their learning process as well as those having challenges. Teachers are also able to interact and share ideas using the program. The test results of the DIBELS program can be used as indicators of how well a student is able to learn. By using the scores, an ed ucator can tell if a student is doing fine or if they need support (Dessoff, 2007). A concern for critics of the DIBELS program is the use of words made up including some that do not make sense to test the student’s reading ability. To some, this does not make sense at all. Others are strongly opposed to the idea of timing the DIBELS test and advocate for students being let to read at their own pace. (Dessoff, 2007). Conclusion Despite being considered disruptive especially for starters, and also being looked at as taking up teachers valuable teaching time, the use of technology in education has brought in major advancements. An efficient use of technological advancements will no doubt radically transform the education system to the benefit of the entire public. Unlike the traditional manual approach, we are presented with faster ways to carry out assessments as well as great feedback on students’ progress. We, however, must be very careful not to let technological ass essments to be the ultimate solution. Though credible to a larger extent, the results obtained may not always be reliable. Reference List Dessoff, A. (2007). DIBELS Draws Doers and Doubters. Norwalk: Professional Media Group. Web. Scantron Performance Series technical report (SPSTR). (2010). Scantron Corporation. Web. University of Oregon. (2008). General Information about DIBELS Measures. Web. This research paper on Technology and Online Assessments was written and submitted by user Antonio Gonzales to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.